Hey all, well, Hui Mien and I were supposed to prepare stuff for week 1 for Study Buddy....So, since we've already done a brief summary, might as well post it up...Happy reading ppl :-) (P.S. It's really messy, bt ok ryte???As long as u can read..lol)
Summary of week 1 (The important stuff only….Go read up Beyond Google on your own!)Extracellular Environment and body fluids-Watery environment which cells make direct contact with and make life sustaining changes (Internal environment)
: 2 components – Extracellular fluid (Interstitial fluid, plasma, transcellular compartment- CSF, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid) & Intracellular fluid (Constant osmotic potential – 0.9% NaCl in water (Normal Saline))
- Total Body Water (TBW) = 60% of body
= 40% - Intracellular fluid, 20% - Extracellular fluid
- Interstitial fluid has same composition as plasma but without plasma proteins (Proteins TOO big)
- Composition of body fluids: Crystalloids (Soluble but don’t scatter light eg. Inorganic ions, sugars) & Colloids (Scatters light eg. Proteins)
- Fluid balance: Fluid input = Fluid output
- Diffusion: Tendency of solute to move from higher conc to lower conc
Factors affecting diffusion: Steepness of conc gradient, temperature, pressure, molecular weight, membrane surface area
- Filtration: Particles are driven through semi-permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
- Osmosis: Net movement of water across a cell membrane caused by a conc diff of H2O.
- Osmolarity: Conc of osmotically active particles
: Osmolarity = (Solute concentration) x (Solute dissociation)
- Tonicity: Ability of solute to penetrate the cell membrane
: Hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
Discussion: Effects of 0.9% NaCl and 5% Glucose intravenous fluid on body cells, near drowning in sea water and fresh water
Biology of Cells 1- Biology of cells: The study of the smallest possible unit of a living entity that is still alive.
- Prokaryotes: Unicellular, no nucleus (DNA compacted in nucleiod region), bacteria
- Eukaryotes : Unicellular/Multicellular, have internal compartments, fungi, protists
: Distinct nucleus, organelles, motility, division
- Symbiotic theory: Acquisition of mitochondria from aerobic bacteria (Enables evolution/complex activities)
- Cell specialization: Eukaryotes have developed internal membranes, cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane, plasma membrane.
- Multicellular cells: Exhibit cohesion, cell division, formation of multicellular sheets, cell to cell communication, respond to signals.
- Differentiation: Cells undergo structural and metabolic changes, distinguishable.
- Gene expression: Activated by instructions found in DNA.
: Induce important biochemical reactions.
Biology of Cells 2- Cell has nuclear and also cytoplasmic compartment (organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton, inclusions)
- Cell membrane : semi-permeable, fluid mosaic model , movement (passive or active)
: functions : (structural support, controls passage of materials in/ out of cell, receptor sites, carrier molecules, identification markers)
- Cytoplasm : contains cytoskeleton
- Nucleus : control centre ( directs metabolic activities ), enclosed by nuclear membrane, has nucleolus (site of rRNA synthesis, cell cycle regulation )
: contains Chromatin ( DNA + protein )
: Site of transcription and contains hereditary information
- Ribosomes: 2 subunits, protein synthesis, free in cytoplasm or attached to ER (Sig: Antibiotics)
- Mitochondria: Energy for cells via pyruvate oxidation, CAC, ETC, double membrane, contains mitochondrial DNA, initiates cell apoptosis
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Rough ER (Synthesis and transport of proteins), smooth ER (Synthesis and transport of lipids, detoxification of drugs)
- Golgi apparatus: Packaging, modification of glycoproteins, flattened membranous sacs
- Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes (Destroys cellular debris). Leads to autolysis if there is defect. Eg. Peroxisomes
- Cytoskeleton: Functions- Maintains cell shape, connect organelles, cell movement, site for enzyme binding
- Inclusions: Temporary components of the cells/ food material/pigments/stored products of metabolism. Eg. Glycogen, lipid, melanin (Sig: Liver cirrhosis)
Cell Chemicals- Properties of water: Polar molecules (Able to dissolve substances), can change from one state to another, high specific heat capacity
- Buffers: weak acid and bases that limit the change in pH when hydrogen ion are added or removed.
- Proteins : function : support, protection, catalysis, transport, defense, regulation, and movement
: primary, secondary, tertiary and quartenary
: amino acids = carboxyl group, amino group, alpha carbon atom, a hydrogen, side chain
- Carbohydrates: Hexoses, pentoses, monosaccharides linked covalently by glycosidic bonds.
: (Glycogen is highly branched, cellulose is linear, starch is branched but not as much as glycogen)
: Can be modified (amino groups/ phosphate groups added) eg. Glucosamine
- Lipids: Triglycerides/ triacyl glycerol (3 fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol), phospholipids, steroids (eg. Cholesterol)
- Nucleic acids
Introduction to Law: Why Law Matters?- Doctors are bound by the Medical Act 1971 and Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act 1998.
- Misbehavior by doctors can result in:-
a.) Criminal charges
b.) Civil suits
c.) Disciplinary action by the Malaysian Medical Council (MMC)
I.) Criminal Law: State initiates action
: Prosecution (A-G’s chambers) decides if action is to be taken
: No financial compensation
: Burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt
: Can be charged under Penal Code (Murder, manslaughter, death by negligence)
II.) Civil Law : Compensation for victims
: Battery, negligence, breach of contract
: Balance of probabilities – Prosecution establishes that defence is “most likely” to have committed offence.
III.) Disciplinary action by MMC: Doctor can be charged for “infamous conduct”
: eg. Advertising, canvassing, abuse of professional skills, working under the influence of substances (even if no injury caused to patient)
: Actions – a.) Doctor struck off register
b.) Doctor suspended for period deemed fit
c.) Reprimand against doctor
: Appeals against MMC’s decision can be made to the High Court.
- Hierarchy of courts in Malaysia:-
: (
Subordinate Courts) Penghulu’s court – Magistrates’ Court/ Courts for Children – Sessions Court – (
Superior Courts) High Court in Malaya, Sabah & Sarawak – Court of Appeal – Federal Court
